Barangaroo casino

Skyscraper in Barangaroo, New South Wales, Australia

Crown Sydney (also referred to as One Barangaroo) is a skyscraper in Barangaroo, New South Wales, Australia. Designed by WilkinsonEyre, it stands at a height of &#;m (&#;ft) with 89 floors, making it the tallest building in Sydney and 4th tallest building in Australia. It was developed by Crown Resorts, primarily comprising a hotel and residential apartments, while a casino and other hospitality venues make up the rest of its floorspace. Construction first began in October , before topping out in March The tower was inaugurated to the public in December

Crown Sydney is a major component in the urban redevelopment of the Barangaroo area of central Sydney, forming part of a cluster of skyscrapers comprising the adjacent One Sydney Harbour and International Towers complexes. The tower sits on the site of former industrial wharves, which were progressively paved over through land reclamation in the s and 70s after falling into disuse, forming the unoccupied concrete site on which the tower was developed on.^[1]

Background[edit]

Early proposals[edit]

Initial concepts for a hotel development in Barangaroo as part of its urban redevelopment plan first circulated in These concepts mostly centred around a metres ( feet) tall hotel tower built on a pier extended metres ( feet) into the harbour. Following public backlash, the height of the tower was lowered to metres ( feet) and the length of the pier was reduced to 85 metres ( feet).^[2][3] These proposals failed to gain traction.

In February , James Packer's casino group, Crown Resorts, presented an A$1 billion+ proposal to PremierBarry O'Farrell to build a hotel, casino and entertainment complex at the site on land that was set aside for open space at Barangaroo Central, a departure from previous concepts of building a tower on an extended pier in the harbour. O'Farrell initially welcomed the proposal, yet cautioned it would need to gain regulatory approval before going ahead.^[4]

The proposal drew widespread criticism from the Lord Mayor Clover Moore, Paul Keating, and former government architect, Chris Johnson.^[5] In October , Premier O'Farrell announced that the NSW Cabinet had reviewed the proposal and decided that the government would enter into detailed negotiations with Crown Resorts for the establishment of a casino and hotel complex at Barangaroo.^[6] Tony Harris, a former Auditor-General of New South Wales was critical of the decision−making process, claiming the public could miss out on millions of dollars.^[7] Packer wrote a defence of his proposal for the press.^[8]

In July after a recommendation from an independent steering committee, O'Farrell announced the Crown proposal would be moved to Stage 3 of the unsolicited proposals process, the final stage where the parties will negotiate a binding contract.^[9] The government received a $ million upfront fee for the licence, despite being offered $ million with alternative tax arrangements which the steering committee's economic advisor Deloitte calculated was a superior offer.^[10] Crown's intention was to lure Chinese high-rollers to its Sydney casino, leveraging off its interests in its Macau casinos and taking advantage of a new streamlined visa process introduced by the Australian government for Chinese citizens wanting to gamble at Australian casinos.^[11] In November , it was announced that Crown Sydney had received approval for the casino licence and place at Barangaroo.^[12]

Approval[edit]

In November , Packer expressed his frustrations over the delaying of the project from strenuous government planning laws. Following this in March , a series of proposals to change aspects of the building were recommended by the State Government in order for the project to receive final approval. This included the introduction of a new recess in the interior as well as new cladding on the south side of the building. An observation deck on the 66th floor from a height of metres ( feet) above ground,^[13] as well as public access to the upper floors, was also proposed.^[14] In June , the casino received final approval from the Planning Assessment Commission on condition that the casino met needs proposed by the commission, including adequate public spaces and access.

Controversies[edit]

Despite the development's approval, the Millers Point Fund lodged legal action against the project in early August challenging the validity of the casino and aiming to have construction on the project halted. Crown Resorts responded, stating they would "vigorously defend" their actions. The dispute was held in the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales in late August, with a decisive dismissal of the Millers Point Fund's claims.^[15]

On 21 January , the Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority (ILGA) established an inquiry, presided over by Supreme Court of NSW judge Patricia Bergin, into the suitability of Crown entities to operate the Crown Sydney Casino.^[16] After Crown Resorts made admissions to the inquiry on 17 November of money laundering having occurred through some of its VIP accounts at Crown venues in other states, ILGA banned Crown Resorts from opening the Crown Sydney casino in December as had been planned.^[17] Despite the inability of the casino to open, other operations within the Crown Sydney building were unaffected.^[18]

On 1 February , Bergin reported the findings of the inquiry to ILGA, including findings that Crown was unsuitable to hold a licence to operate the Crown Sydney Casino.^[19] In February , Crown Resorts accepted a A$ billion takeover offer from US private equity firm Blackstone.^[20] The deal was approved by the Federal Court of Australia in June and Crown was delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange.^[21]

Following a complete overhaul of Crown Resort's board, management and procedures, a conditional licence was finally granted for the casino in June , allowing for its opening in August ^[22]

On 23 April , the NSW Independent Casino Commission reinstated Crown Sydney's unconditional casino licence.^[23][24]

Construction[edit]

Lendlease was contracted for the main construction of the structure, while the Robert Bird Group oversaw structural engineering and LCI as head of MEP servicing.^[25] Initial site works commenced in October ,^[25] starting with an excavation and decontamination of the site, mostly of remnants of asbestos; indicative of the site's industrial history.^[26] Excavation of the basement and foundation works would continue throughout Between February and March , tower cranes were assembled on site, to commence works on the main core and floorplates,^[27] which would see the structure start to rise throughout A top-down method of construction was utilised on the core.^[28]

By March , the structure had reached a height of metres ( feet). The structure continued to rise throughout , reaching a "halfway point" in its construction by May , which would be followed closely by the installation of approximately triangular glass panels for the facade of the building.^[29] The main core of the structure topped-out in March ,^[30][31] followed by the floorplates which topped out and reached the building's full architectural height in May Fit-out of the internals of the building and facade continued throughout , before completion was reached in December ^[32][33] Crown Sydney was officially inaugurated to the public on 28 December ^[34]

• 

  July

• 

  June

• 

  August

• 

  March

• 

  July

• 

  October

• 

  December

• 

  February

• 

  April

• 

  November

• 

  January (completion)

Design and layout[edit]

In , Crown Resorts launched a design competition, seeking expressions of interest from eight architecture firms with experience in similar hospitality focused projects. A shortlist of designs from Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill, Kohn Pedersen Fox and WilkinsonEyre were subsequently selected and a jury panel was formed to select the hotel's final design and Principal Architect.^[35][36] The jury panel consisted of representatives from Crown Resorts, Lendlease and the Barangaroo Delivery Authority as well as a prominent architect representing the NSW Department of Planning and an observer from the City of Sydney.^[37] A unanimous vote in favour of Wilkinson Eyre's design was finalised in May ^[38]

The design and form of the tower takes inspiration from natural forms and curved geometry, emanating from three "petals" that twist and rise together, The geometry of the tower was derived using parametric 3D modelling, to accommodate a degree twist in the outer skin with helical columns on the perimeter while maintaining a vertical core structure.^[39] According to Wilkinson Eyre, the tower "is derived from a sculptural form that is reminiscent of three twisting petals and takes inspiration from nature, being composed of organic forms without literal or direct reference". Additionally, the twisting shape of the upper and intermediate levels of the tower are designed to maximise views of the Harbour Bridge and the Opera House. Founding architect Chris Wilkinson further describes the design of the tower as "a sculptural form that will rise up on the skyline like an inhabited artwork, with differing levels of transparency, striking a clear new image against the sky”.^[40]

Crown Sydney comprises a floor area of ,&#;m² (1,,&#;sq&#;ft).^[41] The casino floor along with bars, restaurants and other hospitality venues occupy the podium of the tower. Crown Resort's six star hotel makes up the lower levels of the tower from levels 6 to 32, including the protruding lower south east wing of the building. Private residential apartments occupy levels 33 to 63 of the tower, while duplexpenthouses occupy levels 64 to A public observation deck occupies a small section of level The tower is topped with the hotel's "sky villas", occupying levels 67 to 69, with utilities making up the remaining levels of 70 and ^[42][43]

Gallery[edit]

• 

  Northern view

• 

  Podium viewed from the west

• 

  View north from Waterman's Cove

• 

  Main hotel lobby

• 

  Lift lobby

Popular opinion[edit]

Popular opinion is divided on the design of the tower. Australian and international media have reported that the building has been nicknamed "Packer's Pecker", in reference to its primary proponent, James Packer, and its outsized massing and phallic shape.^{[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]} Former Australian prime minister Paul Keating admired the tower for its "Brancusi-like sculptural quality" and clean sculptural shape.^[51] Some architectural commentators have commented unfavourably on the quality of the design, especially compared to other works by its designers.^[52] On the other hand, Crown Resorts has described the tower as "epic" and having "opulence, style and substance".^[53]

Emporis named Crown Sydney as the winner of their prestigious Skyscraper Award in ; the first building in Australia to win the award in the competition's year history. Coming ahead of the Telus Sky tower and One Vanderbilt in 2nd and 3rd places respectively, a jury of international architects attributed Crown Sydney's "extravagant design of (its) exterior facade" as the deciding factor for its first-place finish.^[54][55]

Sociological criticism[edit]

Researchers from the Responsible Gambling Fund financed, University of Sydney Gambling Treatment Clinic, have suggested that strategies such as a minimum bet size are not likely to prevent the local community from being affected by problem gambling.^[56] They have suggested that students, new immigrants and working class individuals are typically and more likely found to be losing large amounts of money at Casino style table and electronic games.^[56]

Academic researchers have suggested that while the casino is initially not licenced to offer poker machines, it will inevitably gain a licence in future years.^[57]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]